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2009-05-03T07:23:00.000-07:00

1NF

A table on the form said to be normal 1 if did not reside in the unnormalized form of a table, where there is a kind of field multiplication and field that allows a null (empty). Relations, there is a condition in First Normal Form (1NF) if and only if all domains are covered only atomic value, for example, there is no recurrence group (domains) in a tuple. Advantage of the 1NF relation compared Unnormalized (UNRs) is a simplification in the form of representation and ease of use in developing a query language. Its Insuffiency is the need to duplicate data. Most of the system relations (not all) require a form of relations in 1NF.

2NF

The form of normal 2NF met in a table if it meets the form of 1NF, and all the attributes than the primary key, have a full Functional Dependency on primary key. A table does not meet 2NF, if there are attributes that depended (Functional Dependency) are only partial (only depending on the part of the primary key). If there are attributes that have no dependence on the primary key, then the attributes must be moved or removed

3NF

3NF the changes only at the Pegawai table, Because there is no relation with the primary key that has a non-key attributes of each table above and all tables are considered normal up to 3NF.

Normalization

2009-04-26T07:14:00.000-07:00

Normalization

Database Design process

Gathering user / business's requirement. Develop e r Model bases user / business's requirements. Conversion e r Model goes to relationship gatherings (table). Normalization is relationship to remove anomaly. Implementation goes to database by make table for each relationship already most normalization.

Data Base Normalization

· Normalization is data base structure formation process so that a large part of ambiguity can be caused.

· Normalization step is begun from lightest step (1nf) up to tightest (5nf)

· Usually only until 3nf level or bcnf because that is enough proper to produce tables that have a good quality.

· Why normalization done?

o Table structures optimalization

o Increase speed

o Cause the loss of the same data entering

o Efficienter in storage media use

o Decrease redundancy

o Avoid anomaly (insertion anomalies, deletion anomalies, update anomalies).

o Data integrity that increased

· A table is said good (efficient) or normal if fulfil 3 criterias as follows:

o If there table decomposition, so decomposition must be guaranteed safe (lossless-join decomposition). That's mean, after table elaborated / decomposited be the new tables,the new tables can produce the first table with same exactly.

o Functional dependence when data change (dependency preservation) was kept.

o Doesn't break Boyce-Code Normal Form (BCNF)

· If third criteria (BCNF) can not be fulfilled, so at least that table doesn't break normal form third stage (3rd normal form / 3nf).

Functional Dependency

Functional Dependency attributes describe the relationship in a relationship. An attribute said functionally dependant on the other, if we use the value attribute to determine the value of the other attributes.

· Symbol used is (→) to deputize the functional dependency

· Notation: A → B

“A” And “ B” is attribute from a tables. Mean functionally A determine the B or B of depend on A, if and only if there is 2 data line with the same value A, hence assess the B also is of equal

· Notation: A /→ B Or A x→ B

Is reverse from previous notation.

Functional Dependency (FD)

· NRP -> Name

· Mata Kuliah, NRP-> Value

Non Functional Dependency:

· Mata Kuliah -> NRP

· NRP -> Value

Functional Dependency from tables of value

· Nrp -> Name
Because for each value Nrp the same, then the value of the same name

· (Mata_kuliah, NRP) -> Value
Because the value of attributes depending on the NRP and Mata_kuliah together. In another sense Mata_kuliah for the NRP and the same, they also rated the same, because Mata_kuliah and the NRP is a key (is unique).

· Mata_kuliah -> NRP

· NRP -> Value

FIRST NORMAL FORM (First Normal Form - 1NF)

A table on the form said to be normal if I did not reside in the unnormalized form of a table, where there is a kind of field multiplication and field that allows a null (empty) not allowed:

Attribute values, many (Multivalued attributes).
Attribute a composite or a combination of both.

So:

Price is the domain attribute must be atomic rates

Example:

Ex Student Data as follows:

Ex Student Data as follows:

Second Normal Form - 2NF

Normal form 2NF fullfiled in a tables of if have fulfilled the form 1NF, and all attribute of besides primary key, intactly own the Functional Dependency of at primary key. A tables do not fulfill 2NF, if there is attribute which its depending only have the character of the just just parsial ( only depend on some of primary key) . If there are attribute which do not own the depending to primary key, hence the attribute have to be moved or eliminated.

- Functional depending of X → Y told by full of if vanishing a attribute A from X mean the Y shall no longger hinge functional.

- Functional depending of X →Y told by partial of if vanishing a attribute A from X mean the Y still hinge functional.

- Scheme of Relationship R in the form of 2NF if each every attribute of is non primary key A € R hinge full of by fungsional at primary key R.

- Tables in the following is fulfilling 1NF, but [do] not the inclusive of 2NF :

{NIM, KodeMk} → NameMhs

{NIM, KodeMk} → Address

{NIM, KodeMk} → Matakuliah

{NIM, KodeMk} → Sks

{NIM, KodeMk} → LetterValue

- The tables require to decomposition become some up to standard tables 2NF

· Functional dependency:

{NIM, KodeMk} → LetterValue (fd1)

NIM → {NameMhs, Address} (fd2)

KodeMk → {Matakuliah, Sks} (fd3)

· becoming :

fd1 (NIM, KodeMk, LetterValue) → Tables Value

fd2 (NIM, NameMhs, Address) → Tables of student

fd3 (KodeMk, Matakuliah, Sks) → Tables MataKuliah

Third Normal Form - 3NF

Normal form 3NF fullfiled by if have fulfilled the form 2NF, and otherwise there is attribute of is non primary key owning depending to attribute of is non primary key the other ( depending transitif)

· So that the tables require to didekomposisi become.:

· Student (NIM, NameMhs, Jalan, KodePos)

KodePos (KodePos, Provinsi, Town)

Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BNCF)

Boyce-Codd Normal Form constraint has a stronger form of the Normal third. To be BNCF, relations must be in the form of Normal To one and forced each of the attributes depends on the function in the super key attributes.

In the example below there is a relationship seminar, is the Primary Key NPM + Seminar.
Students may take one or two seminars. Each seminar requires 2 each of the students and led by one of the 2 seminar. Each leader can only take one seminar course. NPM in this example and show the seminar.

Relations Seminar is a form of Third Normal, but not BCNF. Seminar Code because the function depends on the teach, if any teach can only teach a seminar. Depending on the seminar isn’t a super key attributes such as required by BCNF. So seminar relations must be parsed into two namely:

Normal Form Fourth And Fifth

Relation in the form of normal fourth (4NF) if relation in BCNF and not full multivalue dependence . To cause the loss of multivalue dependence from one relation, we divide relation be two new relations. Each full relation has two attributes that has multivalue connection.

Relation in the form of normal fifth (5NF) deal with property that called join without existence loses information (lossless join). Normal form fifth (5NF also called PJNF (Projection Join Normal Form). This case is very rare appears and difficult to detected according to practise.

References:

Er Ngurah Agus Sanjaya. Slide Part 6 - Normalisasi.

DATABASE & ER-DIAGRAM

2009-04-18T23:03:00.000-07:00

DATABASE & ER-DIAGRAM

Definition

§ The database is a set of data stored in the magnetic disk, optical disk or other secondary storage.

§ Collection of integrated data-related data of an enterprise (company, government instance or private).
Company a manufacturing : production planning data, actual production data, data ordering materials, etc.
Hospital : patient data, doctor, nurse, etc.

DBMS

§ System that is specifically created to make it easier to manage users in the database. The main purpose DBMS is to provide an environment that is efficient and easy to use, withdrawal and storage of data and information.

§ The main purpose DBMS is to provide an environment that is efficient and easy to use, withdrawal and storage of data and information

Bit, Byte, Field

§ Bit : Data bit is the part that contains the smallest value of 0 or 1.

§ Byte : Byte is a set of bit-bit similar

§ Field : Field is a set of byte-byte similar, in the database used the term attribute

ATTRIBUTE

It is the nature or characteristics of an entity that provides provide detail on these entities
A relationship can also have attributes
Example attributes:
STUDENTS: NIM, NAME, ADDRESS
CAR: NOMOR PLAT, COLOR, TYPE, CC

ATTRIBUTE TYPE

§ Single Vs Multivalue
Single: can only be filled at most one value
Multivalue: can be filled with more than one value with the same type of

§ Atomic Vs Composition
Atomic: can not be divided into the attributes of smaller
Composition: is a combination of several attributes of a smaller

§ Derived attribute
Attributes are derived attribute whose value can be derived from the value of other attributes, age attributes resulting from the date of birth

§ Null Value attribute
Attributes that have no value to a record

§ Mandatory attribute Value
Attribute should have a value

RECORD/TUPLE

§ Record is a row of data in a relationship. Consists of the set of attributes where the attribute-attribute-attribute is to inform each other entity / relationship fully

ENTITY

§ File is a collection of similar records and have the same elements, the same attributes but different data value.

§ In processing applications, files can categorized as follows:
- Master File
- Transaction Files
- File Reports
- File History
- File Protection
- File Work

DOMAIN

§ Domain is the set of values that are allowed to reside in one or more attributes. Each attribute in a database relasional is defined as a domain

DATA ELEMENT KEY

§ Key elements of record which is used to find these records at the time of access, or can also be used to identify each entity / record / line.

KEY TYPES

Superkey is one or more attributes of a table that can be used to identify entityty / record of the table are unique (not all attributes can be superkey)
Candidate Key is a super key with minimal attributes. Candidate must not contain a key attribute of the table so that the other candidate key is certain superkey but not necessarily vice versa.
Primary Key is one of the key attributes of the candidate can be selected / specified a primary key
Alternate Key is an attribute of the candidate key is not selected to be primary key.
Foreign Key is any attribute that points to the primary key in another table. Foreign key will be going on a relationship that has kardinalitas one to many (one to many) or many to many (many to many). Foreign key is usually always put on the table that point to many.
External Key is a lexical attribute (or set of lexical attributes) that values are always identify an object instance.

ERD

§ ERD is a model of a network that uses word order is stored in the abstract system.

§ Differences between the DFD and ERD :
DFD is a model of network functions that will be implemented by the system.
ERD is a model that emphasizes the network data on the structure and relationship data.

ERD ELEMENT

§ Entity
In the ER Diagram Entity is describe with the form of a rectangle. Entity is something that exists in the real system and the abstract where the data stored or where there are data.

§ Relationship
ER diagram on the relationship can be described with a lozenge. Relationship is a natural relationship that occurs between entities. In general, the name given to the verb base making it easier to do read the relation.

§ Relationship Degree
is the number of entities participating in a relationship. Degree which is often use in the ERD.

§ Attribute
Attribute is the nature or characteristics of each entity and relationship.

§ Kardinalitas
Tupel indicates the maximum number that can be relation with entities on the other entity.

RELATIONSHIP DEGREE

Unary Relationship
model is the relationship between the entity originating from the same entity set.
Binary Relationship
model is the relationship between 2 entities.
Ternary Relationship
is a relationship between the instance of 3 types of entities are unilateral.

KARDINALITAS

There are 3 kardinalitas relations, namely :

One to One: Level one to one relationship with the one stated in the entity's first event, only had one relationship with one incident in which the two entities and vice versa.
One to Many or Many to One: Level one to many relationship is the same as the one to many depending on the direction from which the relationship dilihat.Untuk an incident on the first entity can have any relationship with many incident on the second entity, if the one incident on the entity the second can only have one hubugan with the incident on the first entity.
Many To Many: if any incident occurs in an entity most have relationships with other entities in the incident.

EXAMPLES KARDINALITAS

NOTATION (ERD)

§ Symbolic notation in the ER diagram is :
1. Rectangle represent the collective entity
2. Circle represent the attributes
3. Rhomb express collective relationships
4. Line as the set of relationships between the collective relation whit the collective entity and collective entity with attribute.

(ENTITY COLLECTIVE, ATTRIBUTE A AS KEY, RELATION COLLECTIVE, AND LINK)

DATA FLOW DIAGRAM (DFD)

2009-04-04T02:37:00.000-07:00

DATA FLOW DIAGRAM (DFD)

Depicting the division of system into smaller module
Facilitating less comprehending user of computer area to understand system to be done.

DIAGRAM CONTEXT
Consist of one process and depict scope from a system
Representing highest level of DFD depicting all input to the system and output of system
System limited by boundary (depicted by dash line)
There may not be any is depository ( storage)

ZERO DIAGRAM
Depicting process of DFD
Opening on by totally regarding system handled, showing existing especial process or function, data stream and external entity
At this level there enabled by the existence of data storage For process which not detailed again at level hereinafter hence enhanced by symbol ‘*’ or ‘ P’ by the end of process number
Input balance and output ( balancing) among diagram 0 with context diagram have to be looked after

DETAILED DIAGRAM
Representing diagram elaborating process there is in zero diagram or level above him
Level Numbering at DFD :

In one level shall not there are more than 7 process and maximal 9, if/when more hence must be done composition3

SPECIFICATION OF PROCESS
Every process at DFD have the specification of process
method level top used to depict process earn using by descriptive sentence
more level detailed that is process most under ( functional primitive) requiring more of structure specification
Specification of process will become guidance to programmer in making program ( coding)
Method which used in specification of process : breakdown of process in the form of story, decision table , decision tree

EXTERNAL UNITY
Something that beyond system, but it's given data into system or give data of system
Symbol with notation box
External entity do not including the part of system.
Naming :
● Name of terminal in the form of noun
● Terminal may not have the name of [is] same except its [is] same object (it) is true

CURRENT DATA
Representing place a stream of information
Depicted with connective straight line component of system
Data current shown with direction bow and line called a stream of data current
Data current stream among of process, data storage and show data current of data which in the form of input for the system

Guidance gift of name :
● Name of data stream which consist of some word stream attributed to continued line
● There may not be any data stream which its same name and gift of name have to express its contents
● Data stream which consist of some element can be expressed with element group
● Avoid usage of word ‘ data’ and ‘ information’ to give the name at data stream
● As possible the name of data stream written is complete.

Other rule:
Name of data stream which entered into a process may not equal with the name of secretory of process data stream
Data Flow which entered or go out from data storage needn't be called if :
● simple data stream and easy to comprehended
● Data stream depict all data item
There may be not any data stream from terminal to data storage or on the contrary because terminal non part of system, relation of terminal with data storage have to through process

Process
Process represent what done by system
Process can process data stream or data enter to become exit data stream
Functioning of process to transformation one or some input data become one or some output data as according to specification which wanted
Every process have one or some input and also yield one or some output
Process often is also referred by bubble
Guidance of gift of process name:
● Name of process consist of noun and vb. expressing process function
● Don't use word process as part of the name of bubble
● There may not be any some process owning the name is same
● Process must have number. Number sequence as possible follow process sequence or stream, but that way meaningless number sequence absolutely represent sequence process chronologically

DEPOSIT DATA
Data Storage represent existing data repository in system
Symbol with a couple of parallel line or two line wrongly one side from other side openly
Process can take data from or give data to database
Guidance to gift of name:
● Name have to express data of storage
● If its name more than one word hence have to say the word to joint.

DICTIONARY DATA
Functioning assist perpetrator of system to interpret application in detail and organizational all used by data element system precisely so that user and system analyst have same congeniality base about input, output, depository and process
At analysis phase, data dictionary used by communication means among of system analyst with user
At phase scheme of system, data dictionary used to design input, database and report
Data current at DAD have the character of globally, more detailed can be seen at data dictionary
Data dictionary load the followings :
● Name of data current : have to be noted so that reader which needing furthermore clarification about a data current can look for it easily
● Alias : alias or the other name can be written
● Data form: used to group data dictionary into its use time scheme of system
● Data current: showing where from data emit a stream of and where destination of data
● Clarification: giving clarification about meaning of data current

BALANCING IN DFD
Stream Data which entered and go out from one process have to same with data stream which entered and go out from detail process of level / level below
Name of data stream which entered and go out from one process have to same with name of data stream which enter into and go out from detail of process
Amount and name of external entity from a process have to same with name and amount of external entity from detail of process.
Things which must be gave attention to DFD owning more than one level:
Have to there are input balance and of output among one and next level
Balance among level 0 and level 1 seen at input / output of data stream or from terminal at level 0, while balance among level 1 and level 2 seen at input / output of data stream from pertinent process
Name of data stream, data storage and terminal every level have to be same if its same object

PROHIBITION ORDER IN DFD
Data current may not from direct external entity go to other external entity without passing a process
Data current may not from direct data deposit go to external entity without passing a process
Data current may not from direct data deposit go to the other data deposit without passing a process
Data current from one direct process go to the other process without passing a data deposit can be possible avoided

Kuis 3

2009-03-08T06:57:00.000-07:00

1. NEED DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM

Development of the system may mean preparing a new system for replace

The old system or improve the overall system existing.

Need for Development of System:

• There is a problem (problem) that arise in the old system

The problems that arise can be:

· Irregularity

· Organizational growth

• To seize the opportunity (opportunities)

Information technology has developed so quickly

• The instructions (directives)

2 Destination development system

Development means the system can arrange a new system to replace the old system as a whole or improve the existing system. The old system need to be replaced or repaired is because some things are as follows:

• The existence of the problems that arise in the old system. The problems that arise can be:

a. Irregularity

Irregularity in the old system caused the old system can’t operate in accordance with that expected. This irregularity may be operating inefficiently.

b. The growth of the organization

Growth of the organization must be the establishment of a new system. The growth of these organizations is the information needs of the area, the volume of data increases, changes in the new accounting principles.

• To capture the opportunities
Organization began to feel that information technology should be used to improve the provision of information so that it can support in the decision making process that will be done by management. Competitive in the market, the efficiency or speed of information that is not to determine the success or strategy plan and that plan has been developed to seize the opportunities that exist. If competitors can utilize, while the company can not take advantage of this technology, the opportunity will fall caption competition.

• The instructions

Preparation of the new system can also occur because of instructions from the top leadership or from outside organizations, such as government regulations.

3. Expected on the new system

Has been developed with the new system, the expected increase will occur, the increase in the new system.

• Performance

Improvement of the performance of the new system which will be most effective. Performance can be measured from the throughput and response time.

• Information

Improving the quality of information presented.

• Economy

Improvement of the benefits or the benefits or a decrease in the cost-reduction.

• Control

Detect and fix errors that occur and will occur.

• Efficiency

Improvement of operational efficiency.

• Services

Improvement of the services provided by the system.

4. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLES

• The system is developed for management

• The system developed is a large capital investment

Investment capital should consider 2 things:

1. 1. All alternatives should be investigated

2. 2. Investment should be the best value

• System developed need educated people who

Stages of work and tasks that must be made in the development process system

• The development of the system does not have to order

• Do not be afraid to cancel the project

• Documentation must be available to guide in the development of the system

5. System development life cycle

Waterfall Model

Contains a series of activities such as the process has been described above and presented in a separate process, such as the requirement specification, design implementation software, testing . After each step is defined, this step in the sign off and followed the development in the next step.

The steps that are important in this model is

The analysis and specification

Services, goals and constraints resulting from consultation with users system. Then everything is made in the form that can be understood by users and staff developers.

Design systems and software

Divide the system design process needs to be system software or hardware. The process produces an overall system architecture. Design software, including the functions of system software that may be in the form of the transformation in one or more programs that can be run.

Implementation and unit testing

During this stage, the design software we realize as a complete program or program unit. Test units, including units that each test according to specification.

Integration and system testing

Unit tested and integrated into the system that the program can complete requirements for the software has been met. After testing, the system was delivered to the customer

Operation and maintenance

This phase is long. System installed and used. Maintenance, including correction of errors not found in the previous step. Improvements to the implementation of the system and increasing service needs of the new system as found.

Iterative Model

Step-step model Iterative

1. Initial planning

Starting from the initial planning.

2. Planning
this stage, the stages where the plan is structured in such a way to get a system that both the good and the output

3. Requirements
Analyze user needs and the needs of the system

4. Analysis and design
in this process is conducted to analyze the process of the system will be developed and began to design the system.

5. Implementation
In this process is the system that has been created.

6. Testing
at this stage, the system will try to test, to see if in conformity with the desire.

7. Evaluation
this phase will be done from the system evaluation have been made.

Spiral model

Spiral model describes the process as a spiral which is divided into 4 quadrants:
process in accordance with the cycle using the prototyping approach.

• Planning
namely the duties to plan, gather for the alternative system that will have • Risk Analysis
is to evaluate the alternatives based on the objectives and constraints. Included here to identify the certainty and risk

• Engineering
that is a task that is required to build one or more statements of this section

• Customer Evaluation.
Re-evaluate the system that was created with the customer

System development approach

• A structured approach versus classical approach (seen from the methodology used)
• Piecemeal approach versus system approach (seen from the target to be achieved)
• The bottom-up approach versus top-down approach (seen from how to determine the needs of the system)
• Total-system approach versus modular approach (seen from the way the developing)
• Great loop- approach versus evolutionary approach approach (seen from the technology that will be used)

A structured approach versus classical opponent approach

Classical approach

• Stages in SDLC-stage
• not to include users, system analysts put more emphasis
• The problem: the development of hard, expensive treatment, the possibility of error, success is less assured, the problems in the implementation of

Structured approach

• User involvement from the beginning to determine the needs of the system
• Using tools-tools such as data flow diagrams

Piecemeal approach versus system approach

Piecemeal approach

• Emphasizing on an application or event
• don’t override the overall target

System approach

• Viewing the system as a whole is unity
• Emphasizing the achievement of overall objectives

Bottom-up approach versus top-down approach

Bottom-up approach

• Starting from the bottom level of the operational
• It is the characteristics of classical
• Known by the term data-analysis

Top-down approach

• Starting from the top-level strategy planning
• It is the characteristics of structured
• Also known to the decision-analysis

Total-system approach versus modular approach

Total-system approach

• Develop a system simultaneously and comprehensively
• It is the characteristics of classical approach

Modular approach

• break a complex system into parts of a simple
• System to be developed on time, easy to understand and kept
• It is the characteristics of structured

Great loop- approach versus evolutionary approach approach

great-loop approach approach

• Develop a system simultaneously using the advanced technology
• At risk and spend a lot of high cost

evolutionary approach approach

• Applying advanced technology for application-specific applications
• Developed for the needs
• Save the cost and can follow the development of technology

7. Methodology, method and algorithm

• Methodology

Is methods used in science

• Method

A systematic way to grind

• Algorithm

Sort-order the procedure to solve a problem

8. Classification of development methodology

• Functional decomposition

– Emphasizing the breakthrough system subsystem

– Example: HIPO, Stepwise refinement, iterative stepwise refinement, information hiding

• Data-oriented

– Emphasizing on the characteristics of the data processed

• Data-flow oriented: modules according to the type of data elements

• Data-structure oriented: structure of the input and output

• Prescriptive

– Usually provided by the manufacturer of the software

9. Tool for developing a system

1. Graphics

- HIPO, DFD, SADT, W/O, JSD

2. Design

a. Chart for drawing activities

b. Chart for position arrangement

c. Chart for drawing personal relationship

10. Techniques used for the development of the system include:

Engineering Project Management: CPM, pert
Technical Fact Finding: Interview, Observation, questionnaire, Sampling
Engineering Cost Analysis
Technical Running Meetings
Technical Inspection

11. System analyst & programmer

Systems analyst is a person who analyzes the system with learning
problems that arise and determine the needs of users and
identify solutions that reasonless (better understand the aspects
business and computer technology).

Programmer who is writing code for an application program
based on a design made by the system analysts (better understand
computer technology).

After charting the information in the want ads, the results show that excellent verbal and written communication skills are a must for anyone wishing to pursue a career as a systems analyst. He or she also needs to be able to cooperate and get along with others while thriving in a team-oriented environment. A systems analyst needs to analyze and solve problems in an efficient manner so as to achieve results and meet deadlines. He or she should be able to mentally handle having several projects to monitor simultaneously, while possessing the ability to organize, prioritize, and show initiative in attacking the problem at hand. Technical expertise and attention to detail are also critical.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall_model

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral_model

Basic Concept of Information Systems Analysis and Design

2009-02-20T23:07:00.000-08:00

There are two approaching to definition of system:

1. Definition of system based on approach of procedure

According to this approach, system interpreted by as a working network from procedures which is interaction and work along to finish a specific-purpose or goal. A procedure is a correct sequences of instruction steps explaining what have to be done.

2. Definition of system based on approach of element

According to this approach the definition of system is a set of elements which is have interaction to reach specific-purpose or goal.

CHARACTERISTIC OF SYSTEM

Characteristic a system can be explained as follows:

1. Components

Consist of a number of components which interact, what each other working along to form an unity.

2. Boundary

A system has a boundary to limiting system with environmental or other system outside its.

3. Environments

Environment is a media link between a subsystem with other subsystem.

4. Input

Entered energy into system can in the form of treatment input and signal input. The treatment input is entered energy system to can walk. While signal input is energy which in process to yield output.

5. Output

The result from processed energy and classified is become an output which good for and rest of dismissal.

6. Process

Process is the change an input become output.

7. Target objective/goal

Otherwise have the target then system operation there will be no utilizing of. The system is told succeed if it has reach the target/its goal.

The Classification Of System
a. Deterministic System
The Certain system operate with behaviour which have earned can be predicted, interaction between its sharess can be detected categorically so that its output can be forecasted.
b. Probabilistic System
The System which is input and its process can be defined, but yielded output cannot be determined categorically; ( always there is a little mistake / deviation to forecast of the way system). for Example : marketing system)
c. Open System
The system that relation and effect external environment .This system accept input and yield output for external environment / the other sub system, so that have good operation system. This system tend to measure up to adaptation, can adapt to its environment so that can continue its.
d. Closed System
The System Physical where the process that happened do not experience of transfer of items, information or energy with environment outside system. This system work automatically without existence of interfere in of external side of it.
e. Relatively Closed System
The closed System but doesn't closed at all to accept other influences. This system in its operation can accept influence from outside which have been defined in certain boundarys.
f. Artificial System
The System imitating occurence in system. This system is formed pursuant to occurence in nature where human being unable to do it. Equally imitat exist in nature.
g. Natural System
The natural System is occurence in nature. for Example of : sea, solar system and others.
h. Manned System
The System explanations of behaviour covering human being taking part in. This system can be depicted in way of as follows:
The System of Human being focus the relations between human being
The System of Human being - Machine, System which involve machine to a target
The Machine System, automatic system where human being have duty to start and finish system, meanwhile human being entangled also to monitor system.

INFORMATION
Data is fact. Information is data that processed become better form and more meaning to accept it. If data is not useful to accept it so the data cannot be referred as by information.

QUALITY OF INFORMATION

To get information with quality, then information must have:

Accurately

Information free from mistakes and doesn't deflect or mislead

Punctually

Incoming information at receiver may not lose time

Relevantly

Information is have benefit for its usage.

Information will be valuable if big added significance of expense get it